Organic memory device

ABSTRACT

The organic memory device described herein comprises an organic compound having a molecular structure which includes a mixed valence double well of an organic or organometallic redox couple separated by a sigma , i.e., a non-conjugated bridge, the two components of the redox couple being the respective end groups of the structure. The remainder of the molecule is chosen to effect electro-neutrality. The total molecular structure is such that in a film of the compound laid down on a substrate surface, the molecules assume dispositions such that their long axes are substantially perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Examples of the redox couple are: ferrocene, ferrocenium +; hydroquinone, quinone, tropylidine, tropylium+; and dihydropyridine, pyridinium +. This type of molecular structure exhibits a potential energy versus distance plot, wherein the term &#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;distance&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; signifies the length of the molecule, i.e., from end group to end group of the redox couple, which defines first and second minimum potentials or wells separated by a maximum potential, the distance between the wells substantially corresponding to the length of the molecule. In operation, upon the application of a potential across a film of the compound, electrons are caused to tunnel from one minimum to the other to thereby define a given state.

United States Patent 1 Aviram et al.

[ Sept. 3, 1974 ORGANIC MEMORY DEVICE [75] Inventors: Arleh Aviram, Yorktown Heights; Philip E. Seiden, Briarclifi' Manor, both of NY.

[73] Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY.

[22] Filed: June 20, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 371,788

Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 258,639, June 1,

1972, abandoned.

[52] US. Cl. 340/173 R, 340/173 Nl, 317/235 AF [51} Int. Cl Gllc 13/00 {58] Field of Search 340/173 R, l73 Nl;

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,ll9,099 2/1960 Burnat 340/i73 Nl Primary Examiner-Terrell W. Fears Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Isidore Match [57] ABSTRACT The organic memory device described herein com- 22 X ADDRESS POWER SUPPLY prises an organic compound having a molecular structure which includes a mixed valence double well of an organic or organometallic redox couple separated by a a, i.e., a non-conjugated bridge, the two components of the redox couple being the respective end groups of the structure. The remainder of the molecule is chosen to efiect electro-neutrality. The total molecular structure is such that in a film of the compound laid down on a substrate surface, the molecules assume dispositions such that their long axes are substaritially perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Examples of the redox couple are: ferrocene, ferrocenium 6 hydroquinone, quinone, tropylidine, tropyliumQ, and dihydropyridine, pyridiniumQ. This type of molecular structure exhibits a potential energy versus distance plot, wherein the term distance" signifies the length of the molecule, i.e., from end group to end group of the redox couple, which defines first and second minimum potentials or wells separated by a maximum potential, the distance between the wells substantially corresponding to the length of the molecule. in operation, upon the application of a potential across a film of the compound, electrons are caused to tunnel from one minimum to the other to thereby define a given state.

18 Claims, 11 Drawing Figures Y ADDRESS 24 DETECTOR 26 PAIENIEBSEP 3 w 3.833.894

SIIU 1G 3 FIG. 1

POWER SUPPLY X ADDRESS Y ADDRESS DETECTOR 26 PAIENID$P awn 3.833.894

SIiEEI 2 0F 3 FIG.3A

POTENTIAL V ENERGY L LJ DISTANCE FIG. 3B F|G.3C FIG.3D

& i W

DISTANCE PATENTEIJ 3.883.894

POTENTIAL ENERGY DISTANCE FIG. 6 FIG. 7 36\ 48\ POWER SUPPLY POWER SUPPLY LIGHT DE EC OR 58 DETECTOR SOURCE 52 1/11 [Ill/f1 FIG. 8

POTENTIAL ENERGY DISTANCE ORGANIC MEMORY DEVICE CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of copending patent application Ser. No. 258,639, filed on June l, 1972, and now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to storage devices. More particularly, it relates a novel storage device which comprises an organic compound wherein electrons can be caused to tunnel from a first to a second potential well to thereby define a given storage state.

To enable the use of organic materials as the storage element in memory type storage devices, it is necessary to provide organic compounds wherein the location of an electron therein can be changed by means of appropriate controls such as, for example, electric fields, optical beams, heat, etc.

It is, accordingly, an important object of this invention to provide an organic memory device comprising an organic material wherein the location of an electron therein can be changed by the application of an appropriate energy source.

It is another object of this invention to provide an organic memory device comprising an organic material which is characterized by a potential energy versus distance plot which includes minimum values separated by a maximum value and wherein, upon the application of a potential thereto, electrons are caused to tunnel from one of the minimums to the other of the minimums.

PRIOR ART US. Pat. No. 3,119,099 to W. M. Biernat, filed Feb. 8, 1960 discloses a molecular storage unit utilizing organic compounds which undergo molecular rearrangement under the combined stress provided by an alternating current field and a magnetic field. In operation, when a combined electrical and magnetic field is applied, an atom or group of atoms forming a branch chain shifts its position in space with respect to some reference axis of the molecular. The atom or group of atoms will move as a unit through an angle of rotation depending on an adjacent electrostatic atomic field. The electrostatic atomic bonds are not broken although the interatomic distances may change somewhat. The rotated atoms constitute a particular storage state.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the invention, there is provided a memory device which comprises first and second conductor means orthogonally disposed relative to each other. Sandwiched between the two conductor means is an organic compound which includes a mixed valence double wall of a redox couple separated by a (T, i.e., a non-conjugated bridge, the two components of th redox couple being the respective end groups of suc molecular structure. The remainder of the molecular structure is chosen to be of a nature to effect electro-neutrality. The total molecular structure is of a nature such that, in a film of the organic compound laid down on a substrate surface, the molecules assume dispositions whereby their respective long axes are substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate surface. The molecular structure of the organic compound is characterized by a potential energy versus distance plot, wherein the term distance signifies substantially the length of the molecule, i.e., from end group to end group of the redox couple, which defines first and second minimum potentials or wells separated by a maximum potential. When a potential of a given po- Iarity is applied across a selected pair of orthogonally disposed conductors, electrons situated in the first of the minimum or wells according to the abovementioned potential energy versus distance plot are caused to tunnel into the second of the minimums or wells to thereby establish a given storage state, i.e., to enable the storage of information. The stored information can be erased by reversing the polarity of the applied potential, the tunneling being effected by the applied potential. A detector may suitably be employed to register the current pulse which results from the tunneling of the electrons.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a schematic view of a memory matrix built in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the memory matrix of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a potential energy vs. distance plot of an organic molecule used in this invention;

FIGS. 33, C and D are l-V plots representing the write, read and reverse modes of the memory of this invention;

FIG. 4 is a potential energy vs. distance plot of other organic compounds employed according to this invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates the tilting of the potential energy vs. distance plot upon the application of an external voltage;

FIG. 6 is a partly cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a partly cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 8 is a potential energy vs. distance plot of still other organic compounds according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown a memory matrix comprising a transparent substrate 10 made of glass, quartz, mica, plastic or other suitable substance having electrical insulating properties. One or more base metal conductors 12 are deposited on substrate 10. A film 14 of an organic material is coated onto substrate 10. The film 14 of organic material is oriented such that its longitudinal axis is perpendicular to substrate 10. This orientation can be obtained by practicing the methods described in the references to H. Kuhn et al., Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 10, p. 620 (I971) and E. W. Thylstrup et al., J. Phys. Chem, Vol. 79, p. 3868 I970). A fourth layer 18 having one or more metal conductors is deposited thereon in an arrangement orthogonal to conductors 12. A further protective layer 16, for example, SiO, may be deposited if desired. At-

chemically engineered such that the location of an electron in a molecule can be controlled and can be changed by electric fields, optical beams, heat, etc. Examples of such engineered materials are depicted im- The organic materials used in this invention are 5 mediately hereinbelow.

m e N CH(CH=CHl 1 Me Q Me lCHgl 2 m /,o---+m CH(CH= CH N----HO\ C -HN CH-(CH= CH --HO tached to conductors l2 and 18 is power supply 20 in conjunction with x and y address means 22 and 24, respectively.

CH2(CH l -CH- Hel -CH2 Y A 2 7....... -Q

HNYN------H-O CH2-'lCH2l -CH(CH2l H2 7 (ewes-u CH J Fe X CH2) 0 m ll (0mm, ,,0 ..H0 lCH=CHlU K O \OMMHN =C n \N ..H()

9 N= CH- lCH= (3H) N lCH l Q:

ii lCH=CHl lCH=CHl 3 H Fe Fe H l 0 1 a 0 e I 9 i 2 Me 9 Me N CH CH C N Me Me (CH=CH)X O O M H E +c+i i lCH u Fe 9 N=CH(CH=CHl N Xe Fe 9 M ED X1 e The molecules of these materials respectively consist of a mixed valence double well of a redox couple such Ferrocene, FerroceniumQ;

Hydroquinone, Quinone;

Tropylidine, TropyliumGB;

Dihydropyridine, PyridiniumQ.

The two elements of the redox couple are separated by a abridge to avoid conjugation as diagrammatically shown in structural formula A hereinabove.

It is to be noted that the two systems are interchangeable, i.e., portion I of the compound can assume the configuration of portion II, and portion [I can assume ,0 rocenium component and X 65 tion V while X the configuration of portion 1. The remainder of the molecule is constructed to enable the maintaining of electro-neutrality during the interchange of configuration. In compound A, X is associated with the feris associated with nitrogen, i.e., lV.

When molecular portions 1 and ll interchange configurations, portions IV and V, correspondingly interchange. Also, X becomes associated with N in porbecomes associated with the new ferroceniumcomponent formed in portion 1. X? and X are suitabl simple anions such as l Br (:1 ,F ,AcO ,BF, TCNQ .In all of compounds A to G, the integer m may have a value of from 2 to 50 and the integer n may have a value of from I to 25 in those compounds where both m and n are present. In those compounds where only n in present, n has a value of from 2 to 30. Also, in those compounds wherein the integer x occurs, x has a value of from 1 to 3.

In compounds such as exemplified by compound C hereinabove, the charge is neutralized by the protons on the hydroquinone group. These protons also form hydrogen bonds to the nitrogen on the 1,8- Naphthyridine as schematically depicted by the dotted lines The other two hydrogens are bonded to the nitrogens of the dihydronaphthyridine and hydrogen-bonded to the oxygens of the quinone. When the hydroquinones and quinones interchange configurations, the function of the hydrogens is also correspondingly interchanged (i.e., tautomerism occurs which is further depicted hereinbelow).

If C is considered, electrons are caused to tunnel from well to well by some exciting energy. For example, if the electrons are present in well a and a voltage of sufficient energy is applied across conductors l2 and 18 (FIGS. 1 and 2), the electrons will tunnel into well b. Since the barrier potential is now V-E -V,, where V, is the part of the applied potential energy across length L, and may be made large enough to cause the electrons to tunnel. They will not tunnel back because in the reverse direction the barrier is V-E ,+V,. Such tunneling of the electrons causes a tautomeric change in structure C, resulting in the tautomer of structure:

(CHzl NH O The tunneling causes a current pulse to occur similar to the current-voltage plot in FIG. 3B. This pulse is detected by detector 26 of FIG. 1. The detector can be any means for current detection, e.g., an ammeter, current pulse detection circuitry and the like. The above condition, i.e., where electrons are caused to tunnel from well a to well b, may be considered the writing mode. To determine in which well the electrons are located, or read mode, a voltage of the same polarity as before is applied. A currentvoltage plot as shown in FIG. 3C is obtained if electrons are in well b. If they were in well a, a current-voltage plot as shown in FIG. 38 would be seen. The erase mode is accomplished by the application of a voltage having polarity opposite to that used in the write mode. A current-voltage plot such as that in FIG. 3D is obtained.

The compound C shown above can be prepared according to the following synthetic scheme;

CH0-(CH=CHl "'CH -CHO CH=CHl-CH'-CH=CH u+il Q 1) PTQLUENE SULFONYL CHLORIDE 2) Ac OH SnCLg c iCH l I @OH N (CH-CH )n CH NH HO OH N (CH= CHM-CH NH HO 0 1 EQUIVALENT Q (Ci-l l (CHgl 0H N iCH=CHl -CH== o @OH (CH=CH) -CH=- NH 0 Referring again to FIG. 1, the operation of the memwrite or erase, is detected on detector 26, by current ory matrix shown therein can be explained by the pulse such as that shown in FIGS. 3B-D. abovementioned principles. When a voltage is applied across select x and y conductors l2 and 18, as deter- In another preferred embodiment of the invention mined by the x and y addressers 22 and 24, information 55 the memory medium is composed of an organic comcan be written into or erased from a select site or sites, pound which exhibits a potential energy vs. distance i.e., at the interstices of the x and y conductors repreplot as shown in FIG. 4. The compound can have one sented by the small circles 28 of FIG. 1. The mode, of the following structures:

(CH=CH) H x 4 =CH-(CH=CH) \N =CH-(CH=CHl tcu=cm wlcrl l fijo Fe l Fe u l l o W M Me 6? e H --l\l lCH=CHl 0 J I! cH (CH l Fe 9 /N=CH-(CH=CHl N\ 9 Fe x o x 1 2 u Me Me l 0 Memory devices using this compound have nondestructive readout. That is, they may be interrogated by a smaller voltage, the response to which will determine the memory state but will not change it. Therefore, the memory state can be read out without destroying it. For example, a voltage can be used to write by causing electrons to tunnel from side a-b to side 0. A smaller voltage can be used to read. The potential between a and b is such that electrons can decay to b at the temperature of operation. If a smaller read voltage is applied in such a direction that electrons move in the direction 0 a, then if the electrons were in 6, they would not move giving no signal pulse. If they were at b, they would move to a giving a signal pulse. After the removal of the small voltage, electrons in a would return to b.

In FIG. 6 there is shown a memory device comprising a conducting plate 30, a film 32 of an organic compound having the structures shown above, and a transparent conductor 34. Power source 36 together with detector 38 are connected to conducting plate and conductor 34. As in the device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the organic film 32 is deposited such that the polar axes of the molecules are oriented perpendicular to conductors 30 and 34.

In operation, an external voltage is applied from power source 36 across conductors 30 and 34. The result of applying such external voltage is that the potential energy vs. distance plot of FIG. 3A is tilted as in FIG. 5. It should be noted that the applied voltage is below the threshold voltage necessary to cause the electrons to tunnel from one well into the other. If the electrons are in b they can be raised to the maximum potential c by means of laser radiation. This switching or transferring of electrons is caused either by heating or direct optical absorption by the film 32. The electrons will then preferentially decay into a lower state or well a. The electron transfer is detected by a current pulse in the voltage lines. In some materials the transferred electrons can be detected by the color of a spot produced. More precisely, the electron shift is detected by the relative absorption of a given wavelength of light between the two states. If the electrons were originally in well a, no current pulse would be detected. The device can be switched in the opposite direction by simply reversing the polarity of the biasing, i.e., the applied voltage.

This device can be made non-destructuve by providing an organic compound which exhibits a potential energy vs. distance plot similar to that shown in FIG. 4. Such a compound has both a stable transition and a metastable transition, the structure of which is shown as follows:

OHN

When the above compound is used, a low energy laser beam can be used to deflect the electrons over the potential between a and b and not b and c This can be used for detection in the same way as the original writing scheme. 1f the electrons are in 0, nothing happens but if they are in a or b a current pulse results. In order to get a signal to determine whether the electrons are in a or in b the voltage on the device can be reversed during illumination so that it makes no difference in 18 icH i ll N H cH=cHQ 0 (CH=CHl ll METASTABLE TRANSITION H (POLARIZATION) o which of the two wells the electrons were in, a pulse will be generated.

when organic compounds H, l and J are employed to provide the potential energy vs. distance plot depicted in FIG. 4, there can be detected either the presence or absence of a current, i.e., there is provided a single polarity current pulse. If it is desired to provide a bipolar current pulse, then there can be utilized the following organic compounds according to the invention.

0 0 K (cumin, ,,o------ o (CH=CH) O *O-"WHN =CH-(CH=CHl \N HO O o o I ic++=cm (C x ll H Fe Fe H 0 y l y o e l 9 1 2 Me Me N-CH (CH-CH)" N ii F Xe NCll-lCH=CH ln-N\ X Fe 1 Q Me 2 n 0 u 0 E C. 0

These compounds are characterized by a potential energy vs. distance plot as shown in FIG. 8.

In the plot shown in FIG. 8, a current pulse of one polarity occurs if electrons are in a or b and a current pulse of the opposite polarity occurs if electrons are in c or d when the compounds are employed in the same manner as described in connection with the use of compounds H, I and J.

In FIG. 7 there is shown another embodiment of the invention. The device shown therein comprises a conductor 40 having disposed thereon a film 42 of an organic compound having a potential energy vs. distance plot as shown in FIG. 3A or 4. The film 42 is oriented such that the longitudinal axis of the compound is perpendicular to the axis of the conductor 40. Disposed upon the organic film 42 is a photoconductor 44 which in turn has disposed thereon a transparent conductor 46. Attendant to the device are a power supply 48 to supply a voltage to said conductors 40 and 46, and a detector 50 to detect current pulses. In operation, the device shown in FIG. 7 operates, in principle, similarly to that shown in FIG. 1. It differs in that a light source 52 is used to decrease the resistance of the photoconductor layer 44, such that an applied voltage will cause electron tunneling, i.e., switching in the organic layer 42. Normally in this device, when a voltage is applied across the pair of conductors 40 and 44, it is insufficient to cause switching of the organic layer 42, because of the resistance of the photoconductor layer 44 is much greater than that of the organic layer, so that most of the voltage will be across layer 44. In the presence of light of sufficient intensity, the resistance of the photoconductor layer 44 is decreased to a value much less than that of the organic layer, so that the voltage is now mostly across the organic layer 42. Thus switching is effected in the areas or spots illuminated by the light source 52.

The light source 52 used in this device can be selected from normal actinic radiation sources and from solid state lasers. The wavelength and the intensity of the source will, of course, be dependent upon the photoconductor material used.

The photoconductor material used can be selected from any known number of such materials which are commercially available. For example, Se, CdS, CdSe, PbS, and PbSe can be used. A prime consideration in the selection of a photoconductor material is that its resistive properties be such that its resistance is higher than that of the organic layer in the absence of light, and conversely, lower than that of the organic layer in the presence of light.

For example, it is known that photoconductors are available with dark resistivities between 1 and 10" 0 cm and that it is possible to illuminate a spot on the photoconductor and lower its resistivity by a factor of IO l0 (Photoconductivity in the Elements by T.S. Moss, Academic Press, New York, 1952, and Photo; conductivity in Solids by R. H. Bube..l0hn Wiley and Sons, New York, 1960). The resistance of a lu lilspot (possible bit size) 1,000 A layer would be between 10 Z R, 2 10 For some of the most resistive molecular layers (e.g., the straight chain aliphatic acids) the resistivity is 10 0 cm (B. Mann and H. Kuhn, J. Appl. Phys, Vol. 42, p. 4398, 197!) so that, for example, for a A layer lp. X 1;; spot R 7 X10 (2, so it should be possible for any organic layer to find a proper photoconductive where the dark resistance is at least 10 times the organic resistance and the light resistance is at most one-tenth of the organic resistance.

The operating characteristics and parameters of the devices of this invention can be determined as follows:

1. Bit Stability In lp. X lu bit, the number of molecules is:

N= A /a, lO"") /(3.5 X 10") z 10 molecules/bit a is the intermolecular spacing 3.5A) and A the bit area. The number of molecules in a bit that decay from state 1 to state 2 is obtained from:

yielding n,=N/2 (E 1 where A decay rate constant, n, No. of molecules in state 1 and n N0. molecules in state 2 If it is assumed that a bit is lost when 20 percent of the molecules have decayed to state 2 and the probability is that a bit is lost after 1 day, neglecting the possibility of parity checks and error correcting codes, then m/N 0.8 and t 86,400.

A BXICF the total memory need not be considered since the narrowness of the distribution is W I 3 X 10 and 20 percent decay is of interest, i.e.. l0 so that all the bits fail at approximately the same time. Since the fall off the probability for failure falls of exponentially in the tail of the distribution. very large memories are required before the exponential tails become important, i.e.. l0 bits.

Now A =wP where w is the frequency of the electron and P the probability of tunneling. For the molecules of interest the ground state electron energies E are of the order of0.l ev so that w= 1.5 X10 and P= 1.5 X 10. For the electron energy E less than the potential barrier V,

L is the length of the barrier. T get a P of the order of I (for E E requires] V-E [L z 45 V and E in ev and L in A.

To some extent there is a trade-off between voltage and length. For example, for V= 0.2v, L z 142 A and for V l.6v, L z 37 A. There are limits to this trade-off for a number of reasons. One, there is a limit to how high one can make V in practical molecules and secondly, one would not want to have Vlarge and L small because the electric field needed to switch the memory would be so high the material would break down. Thirdly, we would not want V too small since then it would become of the same order as thermal energies (0.025 ev) and the memory would not be stable unless cooled to low temperatures (i.e., kT VE Fourthly, the smaller V the larger L which in many cases would make the molecule more difficult to fabricate.

Further the calculation of P is obtained from a free electron approximation and is an upper bound to the tunneling rate in an actual device since the molecules being considered have localized electrons. The exact value of L would depend on the particular molecules used. A convenient range however would be 0.2 S VS 1.5 and 4. L5, 100

For the molecules whose potential energy diagram is represented by FIG. 4, a similar calculation will establish a relation for wells a and b and therefore a value for 2. Switching Voltages In order to switch a bit, a voltage V, is applied across the bit which adds to E thereby reducing the energy barrier VE-V, which impedes the motion of the electron. There is obtained n, Ne

In this case, the second term which was included in Eq. (l) hereinabove is neglected since with a voltage applied, the barrier will be VE+V, so that the back tunneling from well 2 to well 1 is unimportant.

If there is defined n 0.01N as switching the bit, then for t the order of a picosecond P z which may be obtained if V, z V

Choosing a material with V= 0.5 volts, for example L z 64 it so that field for seitching (E is E V,/L 0.5/64 X [0 7.8 X 10" v/cm an easily obtainable value for thin films.

3. Read Current dq 2eN 3 X l0 coulombs The intrinsic maximum switching speed of the molecule occurs l/m 10 sec. (P z I so the switching of the device will depend on external circuit consideration.

Assume 10 sec.

This current into a 10 0 load (typical sense circuit) gives V, 30 ma. The current will actually increase as the external circuitry responds faster until the switching speed l/w is reached.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. i

What is claimed is:

1. An organic memory device comprising:

a film of an organic compound having a molecular structure which includes a mixed valence double well of a redox couple separated by a nonconjugated bridge, the two components of the redox couple being the respective end groups of the molecular structure, the remainder of the molecular structure being chosen to effect electroneutrality, the total molecular structure being of a nature such that, in a film of the compound laid down on a substrate surface, the molecules thereof assume dispositions whereby their respective axes are substantially perpendicular to the plane of said surface, said compound being characterized by a potential energy versus distance plot, wherein the term distance signifies substantially the length of molecule, which defines first and second minimum potentials separated by a maximum potential;

first and second conductor means orthogonally disposed relative to each other sandwiching said film therebetween; and

means for applying a potential to said conductors to cause electron tunneling from one to the other of said minimum potentials.

2. An organic memory device as defined in claim 1 wherein the molecular structure of said compound is chosen such that a valence interchange occurs between said components of said redox couple during said tunneling and such that tautomerism is provided for the maintenance of said electro-neutrality during and after said valence interchange.

3. An organic memory device as defined in claim I wherein:

each of said conductor means comprises a plurality of conductor pairs and wherein;

said potential applying means includes means for energizing select pairs of conductors.

4. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of e li wherein X and X are simple anions, x has a CH (C )L (C n CH2 consisting H Er ,c1 ,F AcO ,BFP

value of from l to 3, in those compounds wherein both m and n occur, m has a value of from 2 to 50 and n has 2 A 2 a value offrom l to 25,and in those compoundswhere O""--'H --N N---- -H 0 only n occurs, n has a value of from 2 to 30. 5 O H N N H O and TCNQ 9 6. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 10 CH C H C wherein said organic compound has the structure 2 i H 2} --g i H 2 CH2 lCl l l xfia Fe Fe 5. An organic memory device as defined in claim 4 I l W l W l l I wherein X and X? are selected from the group wherein n has a value of 2 to 30. 10. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure 6 G) X X O-....H- .n-a.

2 N N H O Me 9 Me I H Me H (C CH) N Me 0 wherein X and X? are anions selected from the group consisting 091 Br C1 F A609. GHQ-(CH2) n CH- lCHZ} n 2 BB .and TCNQ. wherein mhasavalue of2to 50 2 2 and n has a value of l to 25.

7. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure wherein n has a value of 2 to 30.

@ Me Q Q] wherein X and X are anions selected from the 11. An organic memory device as defined in claim 3 group consisting of l Br 9 Cl 9 F 9 AcO 4 wherein one of said conductors is transparent.

6 Me x2 BB and TCNQ wherein m has a value of 2 to and n has a value of l to 25.

8. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure 12. An organic memory device as defined in claim 11 and further including a laser source for applying energy to said film to raise electrons in said film through their maximum potential.

wherein m has a value of 2 to 50 and n has a value of l to 25.

13. An organic memory device as defined in claim 12 wherein said device is caused to have nondestructive 9. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 5 readout by providing as the film therein, an organic wherein said organic compound has the structure compound selected from the group consisting of CH- lCH=CH) tcH l O l H x 0 wherein X? and X? are simple anions, x has a value of from I to 3, m has a value of from 2 to S0, and n has a value of from 1 to 25.

15. An organic memory device as defined in claim ll wherein said device is caused to have non-destructive readout by providing a film of an organic compound which exhibits the potential energy versus distance plot shown in FIG. 8, said compound being selected from the group consisting of =CH-(CH=CHl N --H0 R tca=cm WKCHZMWQ Fe Fe n l 0 W l l e t X2 l Me 9 Me N CH (CH CH) N \Me lCH=CHl 0 Emly d Fe 9 P=CH-CCH=CHl -N H xi MG 0 Cllzl 0 .......Ho (CH=CH) =CH-(CH=CH) t 

2. An organic memory device as defined in claim 1 wherein the molecular structure of said compound is chosen such that a valence interchange occurs between said components of said redox couple during said tunneling and such that tautomerism is provided for the maintenance of said electro-neutrality during and after said valence interchange.
 3. An organic memory device as defined in claim 1 wherein: each of said conductor means comprises a plurality of conductor pairs and wherein; said potential applying means includes means for energizing select pairs of conductors.
 4. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of
 5. An organic memory device as defined in claim 4 wherein X1 and X2 are selected from the group consisting of I , Br , C1 , F , AcOBF4 , and TCNQ .
 6. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure
 7. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure
 8. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure
 9. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure
 10. An organic memory device as defined in claim 2 wherein said organic compound has the structure
 11. An organic memory device as defined in claim 3 wherein one of said conductors is transparent.
 12. An organic memory device as defined in claim 11 and further including a laser source for applying energy to saiD film to raise electrons in said film through their maximum potential.
 13. An organic memory device as defined in claim 12 wherein said device is caused to have non-destructive readout by providing as the film therein, an organic compound selected from the group consisting of
 14. An organic memory device as defined in claim 12 wherein said device is caused to have non-destructive readout by providing as the film therein, an organic compound which exhibits the potential energy versus distance plot as shown in FIG. 4, said compound being selected from the group consisting of
 15. An organic memory device as defined in claim 11 wherein said device is caused to have non-destructive readout by providing a film of an organic compound which exhibits the potential energy versus distance plot shown in FIG. 8, said compound being selected from the group consisting of
 16. An organic memory device comprising: a film of an organic compound having a molecular structure which includes a mixed valence double wall of a redox couple separated by a non-conjugated bridge, the two components of the redox couple being the respective end groups of the molecular structure, the remainder of the molecular structure being chosen to effect electro-neutrality, the total molecular structure being of a nature such that, in a film of the compound laid down on a substrate surface, the molecules thereof assume dispositions whereby their respective axes are substantially perpendicular to the plane of said surface, said compound being characterized by a potential energy versus distance plot, wherein the term distance signifies substantially the length of molecule, which defines first and second minimum potentials separated by a maximum potential, and wherein the molecular structure of said compound is chosen such that a valence interchange occurs between said components of said redox couple during said tunneling and such that tautomerism is provided for the maintenance of said electro-neutrality during and after said valence interchange, the distance between said minimum potentials being at least 4 angstroms; a pair of photoconductive films disposed upon the upper and lower surfaces of said film and contiguous thereto; a pair of conductors in intimate contact with the upper and lower surfaces of said photoconductive films; an energy source connected to said conductors for applying a voltage across said photoconductive films; and a light source to decrease the resistivity of said photoconductive film when a voltage is applied thereacross, whereby electron tunneling is effected from one minimum potential to another minimum potential of said organic film.
 17. An organic memory device as defined in claim 16 wherein said organic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
 18. An organic memory device as defined in claim 17 wherein the distance between said minimum potentials is from about 4 to 100 Angstroms. 